For forums search for TDB posts block, it has many of the features you are requesting, these are just some of them https://prnt.sc/ucbvsg
Not every thread has a thumbnail, so I guess that's why it isn't included.
Also are talking about WordPress, the counterpart is Pages, not forums. The database feeds are the basis and deliver every information you need.
You can change the look by editing the templates. For example you can output a feed as classic blocks/lists or in sliders, carousels or whatever.
There are lots's of cool pages templates on the marketplace and if that's not enough, yousurely find somebody to create custom ones just the way you want them