Manually awarded badges are not removed by a rebuild. It would also remember "7 days logged in".
It depends on many factors, such as using traffic to run tasks versus cron. You could squeeze it through by running the specific task via cron every minute. Likewise, you could choose the "Run Now" option when viewing the background tasks and leave a browser window open churning through them.
When you rebuild you ask the system to pick through every single data point again (comments, topics, members, reactions, etc). It's an intensive operation so it's not something you'd want to do regularly.
In the future I may be able to have a rebuild specific rule option.