As the title suggests, I had once found the setting to require users to login before they can see the community. I cannot seem to locate it anymore. Anyone know where it is off hand?

I can't think of any such option for the community as a whole, but you can manually set permissions for each of the apps. System > Applications, then click on the padlock for the particular app. From there you can switch Application Online to no, and select which groups are excepted from that restriction.