For now, I was able to roll back the server to PHP 7.3 and MySQL 5.7, which seems to have fixed the issue. I was unable to find the error or log of the error in the system to see exactly what the query was, but I will assume it was something that MySQL 8.0 did not like, or a deprecated function in PHP 7.4 outputting something erroneous into the query.
Thanks for the assist, yall!