When someone react in any post it's leaving image like this:

<img src="https://domain/uploads/https://domain/uploads/reactions/like.png" width="20" height="20" data-ipstooltip="" alt="" _title="Lubię to">

Would check on an unmodified theme and an unmodified language pack.

Language pack has been the main culprit for many. If you are unsure from that, please let us know and we can take a closer look

@Marc @Jim M
Thanks.
Language pack was incorrect.

Key in translations:

&nbsp;<img src="%s" width='20' height='20' data-ipsTooltip title="%s" alt='' loading='lazy'>&nbsp; %s reacted to %s: %s

Glad to hear you managed to get the issue resolved